The nail matrix is the most important structure within the nail unit. This is where new nail plate cells are created and as these new cells are created, older cells are pushed forward and the nail plate grows. The size and shape of the matrix exert a profound influence on the characteristics of the nail. The shape and size of the matrix determine the thickness and width of the nail. The longer the nail matrix, the thicker the nail, and vice versa. A larger and wider matrix corresponds to a thicker nail, while a smaller matrix leads to a comparatively thinner nail. This fundamental relationship underscores the significance of the matrix in determining the thickness and width of the nail plate.

The matrix is an exceptionally delicate structure, and any damage inflicted upon it can have various repercussions on the overall health and appearance of the nail. Damage to the matrix can cause a range of different nail imperfections, such as white spots or ridges, and weaken the nail plate as a whole. Injuries or trauma to the matrix can manifest as visible imperfections within the growing nail plate. Additionally, compromised matrix integrity can weaken the nail plate, making it more susceptible to breakage or deformation.

The nail plate is made up of layers of specialized skin cells that act differently from the skin cells found elsewhere in the body. These skin cells are created in the nail matrix and continually produced. As new cells are produced, they push the older cells outward. The proximal area of the matrix is where the upper layers of the nail plate are formed, while the lower layers come from the distal end of the matrix. The cells start off slightly soft but then harden and fill with keratin as they age. The closer a cell is to the matrix, the softer it will be, making it easier to damage. Conversely, the further from the matrix a cell is, the harder it will be. The nail plate cells bond together to form layers, which in turn bond together to form the nail plate.

The length of the matrix determines the thickness and shape of nail growth, which is why the thickness and shape of the nail plate growth cannot be changed. If the nail nail matrix is longer, it will create more layers in the nail plate, resulting in a thicker nail. The shape of the matrix also determines if the nail will have a deep C curve or be flatter. A flatter matrix will produce a flatter nail, while a more curved matrix creates a deeper C curve in the nail plate.

The matrix is protected by the proximal nail fold, and any trauma to this area of the skin can easily damage the soft cells beneath. This is a common cause of occasional white spots, ridges, or grooves on the nail plate. Fingernails take approximately five months to grow from the matrix to the free edge, so damage may take several weeks to become visible and will grow out if it is temporary. However, some damage can permanently reshape the matrix, resulting in a lasting ridge or deformity in the nail plate.

Maintaining the well-being of the matrix is of paramount importance for the long-term health and vitality of the nail. Proper care and protection of the matrix safeguard against potential damage and promote optimal nail growth. This includes practices that prioritize nail hygiene, avoid excessive pressure or trauma to the matrix area, and ensure a well-balanced diet to support strong and resilient nails.

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What happens if the nail matrix is destroyed?

If the matrix is destroyed it will not be able to create the nail. If there is minor damage it will be seen by a ridge or groove in the emerging nail. This can heal and the nail will grow without any noticeable damage. More serious damage can result in a permanent fault seen in the nail plate.

Does the nail matrix grow back?

It can heal if the damage is minor. Major damage can result in a permanently deformed nail. If it is destroyed that it may not be able to continue producing a nail

Where is the nail matrix?

The matrix is behind and under the base of the nail. It is protected by a fold of skin called the proximal nail fold. This is the area of skin from the last joint of the finger or toe to the base of the visible nail. The edge of this is often mistaken for the cuticle.

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